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London theatres

  • 1 London

    ['lʌndən] 1.
    nome proprio Londra f.

    in o to London a Londra; inner London = la zona centrale di Londra, che include la City, Westminster e i quartieri adiacenti; outer London — = i quartieri periferici di Londra

    2.
    modificatore [person, accent] di Londra, londinese; [ train] per Londra
    * * *
    London /ˈlʌndən/
    A n.
    (geogr.) Londra: We're going to London, andiamo a Londra; She lives in London, abita a Londra
    B a. attr.
    londinese; di Londra: London theatres, i teatri londinesi; London Airport, l'aeroporto di Londra ( Heathrow); London zoo, lo zoo di Londra; the London Underground, la metropolitana di Londra
    ● (fin.) London Interbank Offered Rate ► LIBOR □ (bot.) London plane, platano di Londra ( è un ibrido) □ (bot.) London pride, ( Saxifraga umbrosa) sassifraga ombrosa, disperazione dei pittori; ( Dianthus barbatus) garofano a mazzetti, garofano dei poeti; ( Lychnis chalcedonica) croce di Malta, saponaria di Levante □ London smoke, color fumo di Londra □ ( Borsa) London Stock Exchange ► LSE.
    (Place names) London /ˈlʌndən/ (Surnames) London /ˈlʌndən/
    * * *
    ['lʌndən] 1.
    nome proprio Londra f.

    in o to London a Londra; inner London = la zona centrale di Londra, che include la City, Westminster e i quartieri adiacenti; outer London — = i quartieri periferici di Londra

    2.
    modificatore [person, accent] di Londra, londinese; [ train] per Londra

    English-Italian dictionary > London

  • 2 (a) guide to Italy

    a guide to Italy (to Switzerland, to Paris, to the city, to London Theatres, to the British Museum) путеводитель по Италии (по Швейцарии, по Парижу, по городу, по театрам Лондона, по музеям Британии)

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) guide to Italy

  • 3 out-Herod Herod

    "переиродить самого Ирода", перестараться, переусердствовать [шекспировское выражение; см. цитату; по аналогии с этим выражением могут образовываться обороты типа to out-Zola Zola превзойти Золя; to out-Joseph Joseph превзойти Иосифа Прекрасного (скромностью и т. п.)]

    Hamlet: "...in the very torrent, tempest, and (as I may say) whirlwind of your passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness. O! it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to very rags... I would have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing Termagant; it out-herods Herod: pray you avoid it." (W. Shakespeare, ‘Hamlet’, act III, sc. 2) — Гамлет: "...даже в потоке, буре и, скажем, урагане страсти учитесь сдержанности, которая придает всему стройность. Как не возмущаться, когда здоровенный детина в саженном парике рвет перед вами страсть в куски и клочья... я бы отдал высечь такого молодчика за одну мысль переиродить Ирода. Это уже какое-то сверхсатанинство. Избегайте этого." (перевод Б. Пастернака)

    I was playing the part of Richard the Third in a country barn, and absolutely "out-Heroding Herod". An agent of one of the great London theatres was present. (W. Irving, ‘Tales of a Traveller’, part II, ‘The Strolling Manager’) — я исполнял роль Ричарда III в спектакле, который шел в деревенском сарае, и лез из кожи вон: среди присутствующих был импресарио большого лондонского театра.

    In truth the masquerade licence of the night was nearly unlimited; but the figure in question had out-Heroded Herod... (E. A. Poe, ‘Complete Tales and Poems’, ‘The Masque of the Red Death’) — Говоря по правде, маскарадные вольности в ту ночь были почти неограниченны, и все-таки новый гость переплюнул всех.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > out-Herod Herod

  • 4 out-Herod Herod

       "пepeиpoдить caмoгo Иpoдa", пepecтapaтьcя, пepeуcepдcтвoвaть [шeкcпиpoвcкoe выpaжeниe; пo aнaлoгии c этим выpaжeниeм для уcилeния xapaктepиcтики мoгут oбpaзoвывaтьcя oбopoты типa out-Zola Zola пpeвзoйти Зoля в нaтуpaлизмe, out-Judas Judas пpeвзoйти Иуду в пpeдaтeльcтвe и т. п.]
        I was playing the part of Richard the Third in a country barn, and absolutely "out-Heroding Herod". An agent of one of the great London theatres was present (W. Inring). Reports are reaching us of acts of brutal cruelty by the invading army who seem to want to out-Herod Herod to an inconceivable degree

    Concise English-Russian phrasebook > out-Herod Herod

  • 5 Wren, Sir Christopher

    [br]
    b. 20 October 1632 East Knoyle, Wiltshire, England
    d. 25 February 1723 London, England
    [br]
    English architect whose background in scientific research and achievement enhanced his handling of many near-intractable architectural problems.
    [br]
    Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.
    Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.
    The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.
    The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.
    In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1673. President, Royal Society 1681–3. Member of Parliament 1685–7 and 1701–2. Surveyor, Greenwich Hospital 1696. Surveyor, Westminster Abbey 1699.
    Surveyor-General 1669–1712.
    Further Reading
    R.Dutton, 1951, The Age of Wren, Batsford.
    M.Briggs, 1953, Wren the Incomparable, Allen \& Unwin. M.Whinney, 1971, Wren, Thames \& Hudson.
    K.Downes, 1971, Christopher Wren, Allen Lane.
    G.Beard, 1982, The Work of Sir Christopher Wren, Bartholomew.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Wren, Sir Christopher

  • 6 west

    west [west]
    1 noun
    (a) Geography ouest m;
    ∎ in the west à l'ouest, dans l'ouest;
    ∎ the house lies to the west (of the town) la maison se trouve à l'ouest (de la ville);
    ∎ two miles to the west trois kilomètres à l'ouest;
    ∎ look towards the west regardez vers l'ouest;
    ∎ I was born in the west je suis né dans l'Ouest;
    ∎ in the west of Austria dans l'ouest de l'Autriche;
    ∎ on the west of the island à l'ouest de l'île;
    ∎ the wind is in the west le vent est à l'ouest;
    ∎ the wind is coming from the west le vent vient ou souffle de l'ouest;
    ∎ the West (the Occident) l'Occident m, les pays mpl occidentaux; (in US) l'Ouest m (États situés à l'ouest du Mississippi)
    (b) Cards ouest m
    (a) Geography ouest (inv), de l'ouest; (country) de l'Ouest; (wall) exposé à l'ouest;
    ∎ the west coast la côte ouest;
    ∎ in west London dans l'ouest de Londres;
    ∎ on the west side du côté ouest
    (b) (wind) d'ouest
    à l'ouest; (travel) vers l'ouest, en direction de l'ouest;
    ∎ the village lies west of Manchester le village est situé à l'ouest de Manchester;
    ∎ the living room faces west la salle de séjour est exposée à l'ouest;
    ∎ the path heads (due) west le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers l'ouest;
    ∎ drive west until you come to a main road roulez vers l'ouest jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à une route principale;
    ∎ I travelled west je suis allé vers l'ouest;
    ∎ he travelled west for three days pendant trois jours, il a voyagé en direction de l'ouest;
    ∎ to sail west naviguer cap sur l'ouest;
    ∎ it's 20 miles west of Edinburgh c'est à 32 kilomètres à l'ouest d'Édimbourg;
    ∎ west by north/by south ouest-quart-nord-ouest/ouest-quart-sud-ouest;
    ∎ the school lies further west of the town hall l'école se trouve plus à l'ouest de la mairie;
    ∎ to go west aller à ou vers l'ouest; familiar humorous (person) passer l'arme à gauche; (thing) tomber à l'eau;
    ∎ familiar there's another job gone west! encore un emploi de perdu!
    ►► West Africa Afrique f occidentale;
    1 noun
    habitant(e) m,f de l'Afrique occidentale
    (languages, states) de l'Afrique occidentale, ouest-africain;
    the West Bank la Cisjordanie;
    ∎ on the West Bank en Cisjordanie;
    formerly West Berlin Berlin m Ouest;
    formerly West Berliner habitant(e) m,f de Berlin Ouest;
    Irish familiar pejorative West Brit = terme péjoratif désignant les Irlandais qui cherchent à s'angliciser par l'accent, le mode de vie etc;
    the West Coast la côte ouest (des États-Unis);
    the West Country = le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre (Cornouailles, Devon et Somerset);
    ∎ in the West Country dans le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre; the West End
    (in general) les quartiers mpl ouest; (of London) le West End (centre touristique et commercial de la ville de Londres connu pour ses théâtres);
    ∎ in the West End dans le West End; formerly West German
    1 noun
    Allemand(e) m,f de l'Ouest
    ouest-allemand;
    formerly West Germany Allemagne f de l'Ouest;
    ∎ in West Germany en Allemagne de l'Ouest;
    Geography West Glamorgan le West Glamorgan, = comté du sud-ouest du pays de Galles;
    ∎ in West Glamorgan dans le West Glamorgan;
    West Highland terrier terrier m écossais, West Highland terrier m; West Indian
    1 noun
    Antillais(e) m,f
    antillais;
    the West Indies les Antilles fpl;
    ∎ in the West Indies aux Antilles;
    ∎ the French West Indies les Antilles françaises;
    ∎ the Dutch West Indies les Antilles néerlandaises;
    the West Midlands les West Midlands mpl, = comté du centre de l'Angleterre;
    ∎ in the West Midlands dans les West Midlands;
    West Point = importante école militaire américaine;
    American the West Side les quartiers mpl ouest de New York;
    West Sussex le Sussex occidental, = comté du sud de l'Angleterre;
    ∎ in West Sussex dans le Sussex occidental;
    West Virginia la Virginie-Occidentale;
    ∎ in West Virginia en Virginie-Occidentale;
    West Yorkshire le West Yorkshire, = comté du nord de l'Angleterre;
    ∎ in West Yorkshire dans le West Yorkshire
    ✾ Film 'Once Upon a Time in the West' Leone 'Il était une fois dans l'ouest'
    ⓘ Go West young man On attribue cette phrase ("va vers l'Ouest, jeune homme") à John Soule, journaliste américain de l'Indiana qui l'aurait employée pour la première fois en 1851. Il s'agit d'une allusion à la colonisation de l'ouest américain mais on emploie cette formule dans d'autres contextes, lorsque quelqu'un part en voyage vers l'Ouest, quel que soit le pays où il se trouve, ou bien en l'adaptant en remplaçant "ouest" par un autre terme. On utilise aussi cette expression pour encourager quelqu'un à faire preuve d'ambition et à se déplacer de façon à trouver du travail.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > west

  • 7 fringe

    1. [frındʒ] n
    1. бахрома

    the fringe of a curtain [of a shawl] - бахрома на занавеске [на шали]

    2. чёлка
    3. окаймление; кайма

    a fringe of houses round a lake - дома, окаймляющие озеро

    4. край; каёмка; обочина

    on the fringe of a crowd - с краю, сбоку, не в самой толпе

    the outer fringe(s) of London - внешняя граница /внешние границы/ Лондона

    fringe area - пограничная /смежная/ область

    fringe collection - информ. непрофильный фонд, фонд по смежной тематике

    5. (тж. fringe group)
    1) неформальная группа, примыкающая к какому-л. движению
    2) крайняя группа (внутри какого-л. движения или связанная с ним)
    3) собир. «фриндж», маленькие и экспериментальные театры (тж. fringe theatres)
    6. pl = fringe benefits
    7. 1) физ. интерференционная полоса
    2) спец. несовмещение цветов
    3) кино цветная кайма ( контуров изображения)
    2. [frındʒ] v
    1. отделывать, бахромой
    2. окаймлять

    НБАРС > fringe

  • 8 ♦ theatre

    ♦ theatre, ( USA) theater /ˈɵɪətə(r)/
    n. [u]
    1 teatro; arte drammatica; opere teatrali: to go to the theatre, andare a teatro; the English theatre, il teatro inglese; repertory theatre, teatro di repertorio; experimental theatre, teatro sperimentale
    2 teatro; (fig.) luogo d'azione: How many theatres are there in London?, quanti teatri ci sono a Londra?; an open-air theatre, un teatro all'aperto; in the theatre of war, nel teatro di guerra
    3 aula ad anfiteatro; sala di conferenze
    6 (spec. USA e Austral.) cinema
    ● theatre bookings, prenotazioni al teatro □ theatre-in-the-round, teatro con il palcoscenico al centro; arena □ (letter.) theatre of the absurd, teatro dell'assurdo □ theatre time, l'ora del teatro □ (mil.) theatre weapons, armi di teatro □ ( USA) a movie theatre, un cinematografo □ (med.) operating theatre, sala operatoria □ The play was good theatre, il dramma aveva eccellenti qualità teatrali.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ theatre

  • 9 West End

    noun
    (Brit.) Westend, das
    * * *
    I. n no pl
    ▪ the \West End das [Londoner] Westend
    II. adj attr, inv (of central London) Westend-
    the \West End theatres die Theater pl des Londoner Westends
    * * *
    West End s West End n (vornehmer Stadtteil im Westen Londons)
    * * *
    noun
    (Brit.) Westend, das

    English-german dictionary > West End

  • 10 West End

    the \West End das [Londoner] Westend adj
    attr, inv ( of central London) Westend-;
    the \West End theatres die Theater ntpl des Londoner Westends

    English-German students dictionary > West End

  • 11 south

    south [saʊθ]
    1 noun
    (a) Geography sud m;
    ∎ in the south au sud, dans le sud;
    ∎ the region to the south of Edinburgh la région au sud d'Édimbourg;
    ∎ two miles to the south trois kilomètres au sud;
    ∎ look towards the south regardez vers le sud;
    ∎ I was born in the south je suis né dans le Sud;
    ∎ in the south of India dans le sud de l'Inde;
    ∎ in the South of France dans le Midi (de la France);
    ∎ the wind is in the south le vent est au sud;
    ∎ the wind is coming from the south le vent vient ou souffle du sud;
    ∎ History the South (of United States) le Sud, les États mpl du Sud
    (b) Cards sud m
    (a) Geography sud (inv), du sud, méridional; (country, state) du Sud; (wall) exposé au sud;
    ∎ the south coast la côte sud;
    ∎ in south London dans le sud de Londres;
    ∎ in South India en Inde du Sud;
    ∎ the South Atlantic/Pacific l'Atlantique m/le Pacifique Sud;
    ∎ the South Seas les mers fpl du Sud;
    ∎ the South Bank = complexe sur la rive sud de la Tamise réunissant des salles de concert, des théâtres et des musées;
    ∎ the South Circular = voie rapide périphérique au sud de Londres
    (b) (wind) de sud, du sud
    au sud; (travel) vers le sud, en direction du sud;
    ∎ the village lies south of York le village est situé au sud de York;
    ∎ the living room faces south la salle de séjour est exposée au sud;
    ∎ the path heads (due) south le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers le sud;
    ∎ walk south until you come to a main road marchez vers le sud jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à une route principale;
    ∎ I drove south for two hours j'ai roulé pendant deux heures en direction du sud;
    ∎ we're going south for our holidays nous allons passer nos vacances dans le Sud;
    ∎ I travelled south je suis allée vers le sud;
    ∎ to sail south naviguer cap sur le sud;
    ∎ it's 20 miles south of Birmingham c'est à 32 kilomètres au sud de Birmingham;
    ∎ they live down south ils habitent dans le Sud;
    ∎ south by east/west sud-quart-sud-est/-ouest;
    ∎ further south plus au sud
    ►► South Africa l'Afrique f du Sud;
    ∎ in South Africa en Afrique du Sud;
    ∎ the Republic of South Africa la République d'Afrique du Sud;
    1 noun
    Sud-Africain(e) m,f
    sud-africain, d'Afrique du Sud;
    South America l'Amérique f du Sud;
    ∎ in South America en Amérique du Sud; South American
    1 noun
    Sud-Américain(e) m,f
    sud-américain, d'Amérique du Sud;
    South Australia l'Australie-Méridionale f;
    ∎ in South Australia en Australie-Méridionale;
    Geography South Carolina la Caroline du Sud;
    ∎ in South Carolina en Caroline du Sud;
    Geography South Dakota le Dakota du Sud;
    ∎ in South Dakota dans le Dakota du Sud;
    South Georgia la Géorgie du Sud;
    Geography South Glamorgan le South Glamorgan, = comté du sud du pays de Galles;
    ∎ in South Glamorgan dans le South Glamorgan;
    South Island l'île f du Sud;
    South Korea la Corée du Sud;
    ∎ in South Korea en Corée du Sud; South Korean
    1 noun
    Sud-Coréen(enne) m,f, Coréen(enne) m,f du Sud
    sud-coréen;
    South Pole le pôle Sud;
    ∎ at the South Pole au pôle Sud;
    South Sea Bubble = krach financier de 1720 en Angleterre;
    South Sea Islands l'Océanie f;
    South Vietnam le Viêt-nam du Sud;
    ∎ in South Vietnam au Viêt-nam du Sud; South Vietnamese
    1 noun
    Sud-Vietnamien(enne) m,f;
    the South Vietnamese les Sud-Vietnamiens mpl
    sud-vietnamien;
    South Wales le sud du pays de Galles;
    South Yemen le Yémen du Sud;
    ∎ in South Yemen au Yémen du Sud;
    Geography South Yorkshire le South Yorkshire, = comté du nord de l'Angleterre;
    ∎ in South Yorkshire dans le South Yorkshire
    ⓘ THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE Ce krach financier eut lieu en 1720, après que la "South Sea Company" eut repris à son compte la dette nationale britannique en échange du monopole du commerce sur les mers du sud. Cette nouvelle provoqua une ruée sur les actions de la compagnie et une spéculation avide, entraînant la chute des cours et la ruine de nombreux investisseurs.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > south

  • 12 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 13 Eisler, Paul

    [br]
    b. 1907 Vienna, Austria
    [br]
    Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.
    [br]
    At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.
    In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.
    In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).
    As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.
    1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.
    1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).
    1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Eisler, Paul

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